Both energy and environmental criticisms push a society toward energy-efficient Buildings with green technologies. Green Roofs are of significant importance due to their remarkable role in decreasing the thermal loads ofBuildings, especially in summer, and also in sound insulation. Here in, the thermal loads of a residential Building were calculated, and then, an optimized green Roof was designed for it in three different cities of Tehran, Rasht, and Tabriz. The energy saving was analyzed in each case, and proper plants and Roof thickness were selected to achieve both comfortable air conditioning and energy optimization. It is also important to use water resources in an optimized manner. Considering the annual mean rain magnitude, here, a suitable system is designed to harvest rainwater for watering the plants. Results indicate that a sedum grassbased green Roof with the thickness of 10 cm leads to a 21. 3 % reduction in the annual total thermal loads in Tehran; one with thickness of 8 cm in Tabriz will result in a 11. 7 % thermal load reduction per year; a green Roof with 9 cm thickness in Rasht, Iran shows 13. 2 % energy saving per year. Therefore, Tehran is the best option here to integrate the green Roof into the structure of the Building. The patterns of the obtained data indicate that the reduction of cooling loads is more noticeable when implementing a green Roof in comparison with heating loads. Moreover, it has been revealed that harvested rainwater is sufficient to support about 72 % of required water in Tehran, 81 % of it in Tabriz, and 93 % in Rasht.

Background and Objective: Among the components of the Building envelope, the Roof section is the most important medium of energy loss, because, compared to vertical walls, a larger area of the Rooftop is exposed to sunlight and atmospheric condition for a longer period, which results in greater heat exchange through this section. The goal of this research is to reduce the energy consumption of residential Buildings in the city of Shiraz (Fars, Iran) through the optimization of their Roof sections by answering the bellow question: “, What is the most optimal arrangement of materials and passive Roof design technique for reducing energy consumption in this climate and how much will it reduce energy consumption? ”,Material and Methodology: The purpose of the research, which is to identify the best combination of Roof specifications and passive design methods for minimizing energy consumption in the Buildings of the area of interest, achieved with help of the EnergyPlus simulation and a genetic algorithm developed in MATLAB. Findings: The Roof variables defined in three categories of the passive energy system, physical Roof specifications, and positioning and the optimization carried out using the genetic algorithm and the EnergyPlus software. Discussion and Conclusion: The outputs obtained from the simulation software and the objective function of the genetic algorithm showed that the Roof optimization materials’,arrangement could reduce the energy consumption of the Building by 9. 6%. and passive design techniques includes: green Roof, insulation, double Roof, reduce energy consumption by 9. 1%, 13. 4%, 12, 6% respectively.

An investigation is carried out with an actual 13-story Building to assess the viability and effectiveness of a recently proposed Roof isolation system that aims at reducing the response of Buildings to earthquakes. The Roof isolation system entails the insertion of flexible laminated rubber bearings between a Building's Roof and the columns that support it, and the addition of viscous dampers connected between the Roof and the rest of the Building. It is based on the concept of a vibration absorber and on the idea of making the Roof, flexible bearings, and viscous dampers respectively constitute the mass, spring, and dashpot of such an absorber. The investigation includes a comparison of the Building's response under a severe ground motion when it is considered with and without the isolation system, as well as the determination of the properties and size of the required isolation system components. It is found that the proposed isolation system is effective, is constructable, and has the potential to become an attractive way to reduce structural and nonstructural earthquake damage in low and medium-rise Buildings.

Among the components of the Building envelope, the Roof section is the most important medium of energy loss, because, compared to vertical walls, a larger area of the Rooftop is exposed to sunlight and atmospheric condition for a longer period, which results in greater heat exchange through this section. The goal of this research is to reduce the energy consumption of residential Buildings in the city of Shiraz (Fars, Iran) through the optimization of their Roof sections by answering the bellow question:”What is the most optimal combination of materials and passive Roof design technique for reducing energy consumption in this climate and how much will it reduce energy consumption?”The purpose of the research, which is to identify the best combination of Roof specifications and passive design methods for minimizing energy consumption in the Buildings of the area of interest, was achieved with help of the EnergyPlus simulation and a genetic algorithm developed in MATLAB. The Roof variables were defined in three categories of the passive energy system, physical Roof specifications, and positioning and the optimization was carried out using the genetic algorithm and the EnergyPlus software. The outputs obtained from the simulation software and the objective function of the genetic algorithm showed that the Roof optimization models could reduce the energy consumption of the Building by 39-50%

Roof shape and slope are both important parameters for the safety of a structure, especially when facing wind loads. The present study demonstrates the pressure variations due to wind load on the pyramidal Roof of a square plan low-rise Building with 15% wall openings through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. Many studies on Roofed structures have been performed in the past; however, a detailed review of the literature indicates that the majority of these studies focused on flat, hip, gable and spherical Roofs only. There is a lack of research that analyses these effects on pyramidal Roof Buildings. ANSYS (Analysis System) ICEM (Integrated Computer Engineering and Manufacturing)-CFD and ANSYS Fluent commercial packages have been used for modelling and simulation, respectively, and ANSYS CFD Post was used to obtain the results. A realizable k– ε turbulent model was used for the pressure distribution on the Roof of the Building model. In the present study, twenty-four models with different Roof slopes (α ), i. e. 0° , 10° , 20° , and 30° , with various wind incidence angles (ϴ ), i. e. 0° , 15° , 30° , 45° , 60° and 75° were investigated. The influence of Roof slope and wind incidence angle are analysed in this study. Results have been represented through pressure coefficient (Cp) contours on the Roof surface and velocity streamlines of the flow field of the different cases. The optimization of the Roof slope may be achieved by considering different wind incidence angles for Buildings so that they may better withstand wind force in a specific area. When wind pressure coefficients from Building models with openings were compared with pressure coefficients from Building models without openings, it was found that the pressure coefficients for Building models without openings are almost twice or three times that of the pressure coefficients for models with openings.

One of the most important goals of sustainable development is to preserve nature and improve it, and the manifestation of sustainable development in the built environment basin is called sustainable architecture. Green Roof is one of the new approaches to architecture and urban planning and arises from the concepts of sustainable development, which can be used to increase the per capita green space, improve the quality of the environment. Today, due to the increasing need for energy and the limitation of fossil fuels as depleting and polluting sources of the environment, the need to use more renewable energy sources is felt. One of the increasing uses of energy is thermal energy. One of the methods of thermal energy storage is the use of phase change materials. This research has been prepared with the aim of thermal optimization of green Roof using phase change materials. By selecting biodegradable materials as phase change materials used in the Roof, the research was conducted in three models and three different uses, using Energy Plus software. According to the results, the green Roof model optimized with phase change materials in all three different uses of the Building has increased the temperature in the Building in cold seasons and significantly increased the temperature in hot seasons, and achieved thermal comfort. Therefore, according to the results, using green Roof separately causes more temperature balance.

In this paper, a natural cooling system composed of domed Roof and solar adsorption chiller is presented and its performance to provide the thermal comfort conditions in Yazd, Kerman, and Tehran is investigated based on ISIRI 14384 and ISO 7730. Furthermore, the effects of environmental parameters, wind speed, and geometric characteristics on the system performance are studied. To calculate the number of air changes of the room, Ansys Fluent software is used. Additionally, to estimate the room inlet temperature, the governing equations of the adsorption chiller and cooling channel are solved based on the fourth order Runge-Kutta and finite difference methods, respectively. The results show that increasing the incision diameter of the domed Roof as well as the width of the cooling channel causes the number of air changes of the room to increase. Alternatively, increasing the width of the inlet air vent up to a threshold value will cause the number of air changes to increase. However, increasing beyond the threshold value has no significant effect on the number of air changes. Additionally, in the aforementioned cities, the room inlet air temperature is almost constant when the chiller operates. Finally, the environmental conditions for which the system is able to provide thermal comfort conditions, in the test room on July 15, are determined.